DISEASES AT A GLANCE

 All of us want to live happy, healthy and prosperous life but at one point  all of us have to suffer health issue, no matter small or big.Many questions often come to our mind like Why do we suffer from health issues?Why do we get a disease?What is the disease?And so on.Today we will try to answer very basic questions that comes to mind.Stay tuned.

What is Disease?

Disease, any harmful deviation from the normal structural or functional state of an organism, generally associated with certain signs and symptoms and differing in nature from physical injury. A diseased organism commonly exhibits signs or symptoms indicative of its abnormal state.

In other words it can also be defined as

A disease is a particular abnormal condition that negatively affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate external injury. Diseases are often known to be medical conditions that are associated with specific signs and symptoms.

 

What are the 4 types of diseases?

There are four main types of disease: 

1)     Infectious diseases

2)     Deficiency diseases

3)     Hereditary diseases (including both genetic diseases and non-genetic hereditary diseases)

4)     Physiological diseases.

 

Infectious diseases

Infections can be brought about by numerous microorganisms, including Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, and Parasites that might cause sickness and illness. For people, transmission of microbes might happen in an assortment of ways: spread from individual to-individual by direct contact, water or foodborne ailment or aerosolization of tainted particles in the climate and through crawlies (mosquitoes) and ticks.

Signs and symptoms and treatment of infectious diseases depend on the host and the pathogen.

 

What are the symptoms of infectious diseases?

Symptoms of infectious disease are particular to the type of disease. For example, symptoms of influenza include:

• Fever
• Chills
• Congestion
• Fatigue
• Muscle aches and headache

Other infectious diseases, such as Shigella, cause more serious symptoms, including:

• Bloody diarrhea
• Vomiting
• Fever
• Dehydration (lack of fluid)
• Shock

You might go through one or a few indications of an irresistible infections. See a specialist on the off chance that you have any constant (progressing) indications or side effects that deteriorate your health over the long span of time.

Most Common Infectious Disease

Infectious diseases can be any of the following:

Chickenpox	Pneumonia	Diphtheria	Rubella (German measles)
Common cold	Rocky mountain spotted fever	E. coli	Salmonella infections
Giardiasis	Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)	Infectious mononucleosis	Shingles (herpes zoster)
HIV/AIDS	Sexually transmitted diseases	Influenza (flu)	Tetanus
Lyme disease	Toxic shock syndrome	Measles	Viral hepatitis
Malaria	Tuberculosis	Meningitis	West Nile virus
Mumps	Whooping cough (pertussis)	Poliomyelitis (polio)

 

Deficiency Diseases

Any disease related with a lacking  of at least one fundamental dietary constituents. A deficiency sickness can be characterized as an illness which is brought about by the absence of fundamental supplements or dietary components like nutrients and minerals in the human body

Signs and symptoms of vitamin deficiency  include:

Fatigue		Weight loss
Shortness of breath		Numbness or tingling in your hands and feet
Dizziness		Muscle weakness
Pale or yellowish skin		Personality changes
Irregular heartbeats		Unsteady movements
		Mental confusion or forgetfulness

Here is the list of common deficiency diseases with their respective causes.

Deficiency	Disease
Calcium	stypsis
	Rickets
	Tetany
Iodine deficiency	Goitre
Selenium deficiency	Keshan disease
Iron deficiency	Iron deficiency anaemia
Zinc	Growth retardation
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)	Beriberi
Niacin (Vitamin B3)	Pellagra
Vitamin C	Scurvy
Vitamin D	Steprsis
	Rickets
Vitamin A	Night Blindness
Vitamin K	Haemophilia

 

  Hereditary Disease

 An innate/hereditary sickness is regularly portrayed as something that "runs in the family." It is passed down from one or the two guardians to, a then kid pass it to their kids. Inherited infection is because of transformations of the hereditary material of  cells. Such changes can happen at the level of a chromosome (chromosomal transformations), the (genome transformation), or a (quality transformations). Transformations change either the design or the measurements of one or a few qualities. Most, however not all, inherited sicknesses are independently uncommon (1), but rather taken together they include about 5% of the illness load in created nations.

   Genetic Disorders

    What are genetic disorders?

    Genetic disorders is a category of diseases that includes          certain types of birth defects, chronic diseases,     developmental problems, and sensory deficits that are inherited from one or both parents.

Birth defects	Chronic diseases	Developmental problems	Sensory Deficits
cataracts	bleeding disorders	autism spectrum disorders	extreme farsightedness
cleft lip or palate	childhood cancers	attention deficit/hyperactivity	extreme nearsightedness
congenital heart disease	kidney or urinary tract disease	developmental delay	hearing loss
contractures	slow growth or short stature	failure to thrive	retinal or other visual problems
diaphragmatic hernia	cystic fibrosis	learning disability
genital malformations	sickle cell disease	loss of developmental skills
glaucoma	thalassemia	low muscle tone
misshapen skull		mental illness
missing fingers or toes		mental retardation
missing or incomplete arms or legs		speech problems
spina bifida or open spine defects		seizures

 

Similarities can be found in some of the symptoms that are not interested. Features can appear at birth (congenital heart disease or cleft lip or palate) or during the course of childhood (developmental delays or learning problems). Conclusion might be drawn from an actual test or designated hereditary testing

What are the physical signs of genetic disorders?

The following list includes features that might suggest that your child has a genetic disorder. In few cases, a portion of these attributes are normally found in individuals without any genetic problem. You'll need to check with your primary care physician if your child has something like two of the accompanying highlights::

ear abnormalities	misshapen teeth
unusually shaped eyes	missing or extra teeth
different colored eyes	loose or stiff joints
facial features that are unusual or different from other family members	unusually tall or short stature
brittle or sparse hair	webbed fingers or toes
excessive body hair	excessive skin
white patches of hair	unusual birthmarks
large or small tongue	increased or decreased sweating
	unusual body odor

 

What Are the Types of Genetic Disease?

There are many types of genetic diseases. Four of the main types are:

1. Single-gene inheritance diseases
2. Multifactorial genetic inheritance disorders
3. Chromosome abnormalities
4. Mitochondrial genetic inheritance disorders

List of Examples of Common Single-Inheritance Genetic Diseases

Single gene inheritance diseases are diseases that occur because one defective gene . They are known as monogenetic disorders. There are thousands of known single gene inheritance diseases, and they may be inherited in different ways. Autosomal dominant inheritance means that only one copy of the defective gene (from either parent) must be present to cause the condition. Autosomal recessive diseases require that an affected person receive a defective copy of the gene from each parent. X-linked disorders refer to diseases for which the defective gene is present on the female (X) chromosome.

Examples of single gene inheritance disorders include:

1.   Cystic fibrosis
2.   Sickle-cell anemia
3.   Marfan syndrome
4.  Duchenne muscular dystrophy
5.   Huntington disease
6.  Polycystic kidney disease types 1 and 2
7. Tay-Sachs disease Phenylketonuria
8.  Maple syrup urine disease
9. Neurofibromatosis type 1
10. Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
11. Galactosemia
12. Familial hypercholesterolemia
13. Rett syndrome
14. Hemophilia
15. Fanconi anemia
16. Kartagener syndrome
17. Xeroderma pigmentosum
18. Hereditary spherocytosis
19. Tuberous sclerosis
20. Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome

List of Examples of Multifactorial Genetic Inheritance Disorders

21. A genetic disease or disorder is any disease caused by a problem with a person’s genes. A person’s genes are contained within their genome. The human genome is made up of the 46 human chromosomes (22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and 2 sex chromosomes). These 46 chromosomes together contain over 3 billion base pairs of DNA that contain about 20,500 protein-coding genes. The actual protein-coding genes account for less than 5% of the human genome. The precise function of the 95% of remaining DNA is unclear. Some researchers include mitochondrial DNA as part of the human genome.
22. There are about 6000 known genetic disorders; many are fatal or cause severe problems while others may not but may add to problems that are triggered by non-genetic (for example, environmental conditions).
23. Genetic disorders can range from a defect in a single base mutation in the DNA of one gene to chromosomal abnormalities that involve deletion or addition of entire chromosomes or sets of chromosomes. Genetic disorders can be inherited, or passed from parents to offspring, or acquired due to changes in an individual’s DNA that occur during their lifetime. Radiation and certain cancer-causing chemicals are examples of causes of acquired changes to DNA. This short article is designed to give the reader a list of groups of diseases that share genetic problems that are similar in cause. The lists have examples of genetic disease types and are not all inclusive.

List of Examples of Chromosome Abnormalities Genetic Diseases

•  Chromosome abnormalities usually result from a problem with cell division and arise because of duplications or absences of entire chromosomes or pieces of chromosomes. Examples of chromosome abnormality disorders include:

1. Down syndrome
2. Cri-du-chat syndrome
3. Klinefelter syndrome
4. Patau syndrome (trisomy 13)
5. Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18)
6. Turner syndrome
7. 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
8. Ring chromosome 14 syndrome
9. Prader-Willi syndrome

List of Examples of Mitochondrial Genetic Inheritance Disorders

Mitochondrial genetic inheritance disorders are caused by mutations in the DNA of mitochondria, small particles within cells. This DNA is unique in that it is not located on the chromosomes in the cell nucleus. Mitochondrial DNA is always inherited from the female parent since egg cells (unlike sperm cells) keep their mitochondrial DNA during the process of fertilization. Examples of mitochondrial genetic inheritance disorders include:

1. Hereditary optic atrophy
2. Barth syndrome
3. Co-enzyme Q10 deficiency
4. Myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF)
5. MELAS syndrome, a rare form of dementia
6. Kearns-Sayre syndrome
7. Pearson syndrome
8. Neuropathy, ataxia, retinitis pigmentosa (NARP)
9. Leigh’s disease

Physiological diseases

A physiological disorder is an illness that interferes with the way that the functions of the. body are carried out. Examples are: Diabetes, Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, leukemia, coronary heart. disease, any form of cancer.

A physiological disorder is a condition in which the organs in the body malfunction causes illness. Examples are Asthma, Glaucoma, Diabetes.

Physiological Disorders is normally caused when the normal or proper functioning of the body is affected because the bodys organs have malfunctioned, not working or the actual cellular structures have changed over a period of time causing illness. Therefore the majority of diseases and ailments you will be able to name as they fall under the  physiological disorder.